The investigation of the distribution of antioxidant compounds between emulsions phases, employing natural sources of these compounds directly in the emulsions, is rarely addressed. The use of ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS), combined with accelerated oxidation tests and oxygen radical absorbance capacity method (ORAC), using the fluorescein (FL) decay curve (ORACFL) assay, enable an improved evaluation of the distribution of the antioxidant compounds and their lipid protection abilities. The lipid protection tendency observed was in agreement with the polar paradox theory. The ORACFL results reported here are higher than other reported in the literature, even when performing a sample extraction directly into one of the emulsion phases, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of this direct addition regarding the antioxidant activity. The analysis of the mass spectra of the emulsions enabled to verify the existence and distribution of some phenolic compounds in both phases. The direct extraction in the aqueous and oil phases of the emulsion increased, in a general way, the amount of identified compounds in each phase.

Antioxidants are used to increase the shelf life of food and oils. The most common extraction method of antioxidants from natural sources is the use of organic solvents, like methanol and ethanol. Evaporation of all the organic solvent is necessary to prevent health diseases. In this study, we present a new "organic solvent-free" method to extract antioxidants, which uses canola oil as extraction solvent to incorporate natural antioxidants from oregano and ginger without the use of organic solvent. The oil solvent extraction capacity was assessed by assays of oxygen radical absorbance capacity method for hydrophilic (721.9 ± 10.5 and 89.0 ± 2.5 µmol TE g-1 to canola oil with oregano and ginger, respectively) and lipophilic (118.8 ± 7.4 and 48.2 ± 9.7 µmol TE g-1 to canola oil with oregano and ginger, respectively) compounds, oxidation test (Oxitest®) (1,434 and 1,018 minutes to canola oil with oregano and ginger, respectively) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (0.01 ± 0.02 and 0.11 ± 0.06 mg MA g-1 to canola oil with oregano and ginger, respectively). Results provide evidence of the efficiency of canola oil as antioxidants extractor. Nine antioxidant compounds from canola oil incorporated with antioxidants compounds were identified using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the total phenolic content (TPC) result in white rice, using a new methodology that employed Fast Blue BB (FBBB) reagent, which reacts more specifically with phenolic compounds, along with direct QUENCHER procedure. This is the first time in which such conciliation between FBBB reagent and QUENCHER was done. The obtained model allowed to evaluate how the factors influenced the method linearity (R2), improving the choice of the optimal system condition. Furthermore, the similarity between experimental results and values generated by the model indicated the method validity within the studied region. Thus, the optimal condition determined in the present work was 30 min reaction time, 0.17 mL FBBB reagent and use of 5% NaOH as the catalyst for the reaction. This optimized condition suggested that the combination of the method, which used FBBB reagent and the direct QUENCHER procedure, was rapid and effective, yielding high TPC values (1488.73 mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g).

The use of synthetic antioxidants in human consuming products is in disuse due to health toxic related issues. The search for substances to substitute synthetic antioxidants boosts studies concerned with the findings of sources of natural antioxidants. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the use of comminuted leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) as source of natural antioxidants for the lipid protection of different emulsion compositions using central composite rotary experimental design. The Oxitest analysis (oxidation test reactor) revealed rosemary to be an excellent source of antioxidants for emulsions, even with addition of low quantities, and the gain of induction point tripled. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACFL) results of emulsion obtained separately for the hydrophilic and lipophilic phases showed that the presence of polar compounds was in higher concentration, about 500 more than of non-polar ones. The polar compounds are major responsible for the antioxidant action in the system.

The compound extraction is an important step before analyzing composition of samples with antioxidant capacity. Several extraction conditions can be employed (temperature, polarity of solvent and extraction time, for example), and the chosen variables exert great influence upon final results. Thus, in order to execute an efficient extraction, it is needed to manage them with rigor. In this work, a new device was designed and tested. The Prompt, TOugh and eCO-friendly (PTOCO) system is the first equipment in mini-scale that allows a good control of antioxidants extraction conditions. It is a simple and cheap device that only needs small amounts of sample and solvent to obtain sufficient volumes of extract for application in routine analytical methods. Twenty experiments from an experimental design were executed using only 0.5 g of oregano and 60 mL of water. The total antioxidant capacity assays, as well as the mass spectra, confirmed the extraction efficiency.

Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da suplementação com extrato etanólico de resíduo de acerola (EEAR) na capacidade antioxidante de filés de tilápias no intervalo de 60 dias. Diferentes metodologias foram utilizadas seguindo procedimento QUENCHER e foram analisadas as frações hidrofílicas e lipofílicas do ensaio de capacidade de absorção de oxigênio radical (ORAC FL). A composição em ácidos graxos também foi avaliada, sendo observadas elevadas concentrações dos ácidos linoleico e oleico nos filés, assim como, razões ácidos graxos poli-insaturados/ácidos graxos saturados (PUFA/SFA) satisfatórias. Os maiores valores de capacidade antioxidante nos ensaios 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e capacidade redutora de ferro (FRAP) (1778,87 e 4892,77 µmol capacidade antioxidante equivalente ao Trolox (TEAC) g-1, respectivamente) foram encontrados em 15 dias e esses ensaios apresentaram o maior valor de correlação (R = 0,9388). O ensaio ORAC FL indicou que a fração hidrofílica é a maior contribuinte na capacidade antioxidante total (TAC). Dessa forma, o significativo aumento observado na capacidade antioxidante torna a suplementação com EEAR uma potente ferramenta na elevação da capacidade antioxidante dos filés.

This work evaluated the effect of supplementation with ethanolic extract of acerola fruit residue (EEAR) on the antioxidant capacity of tilapia fillets over a period of 60 days. Different methodologies were used following the QUENCHER procedure, and the hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions of the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC FL) assay were analysed. The fatty acid composition was also evaluated, as high concentrations of linoleic and oleic acids were observed in the fillets, as well as satisfactory polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) ratios. The highest antioxidant capacities in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays (1778.87 and 4892.77 µmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) g-1, respectively) were found at 15 days, and these trials showed the highest correlation coefficient (R = 0.9388). The ORAC FL assay indicated that the hydrophilic fraction is the largest contributor to the total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Thus, the significant increase observed in antioxidant capacity makes supplementation with EEAR a potent tool in the elevation of the antioxidant capacity of tilapia fillets.

Cada matriz alimentar é única. Os antioxidantes endógenos de um produto de panificação não estudados podem mostrar diferentes respostas para atividade antioxidante total (TAA)/resistência a oxidação forçada (ROF) do que é esperado para outros alimentos reportados na literatura. Neste contexto, um design Box-Behnken e estudos de correlação foram aplicados para obter mais informações sobre como compostos antioxidantes específicos afetam o TAA/ROF em pães com sementes de chia e folhas de cenoura. Hipóteses de sinergismo/antagonismo entre os compostos estudados foram elucidadas para tentar justificar os resultados obtidos. Neste tipo específico de amostra, carotenóides e colesterol tiveram as maiores relações com resultados de ensaios de TAA, bem como com pontos de indução provenientes do equipamento Oxitest®, enquanto que α-tocoferol e fitosteróis mostraram correlações negativas. Compostos fenólicos não tiveram nenhuma influência no sistema porque o cozimento em alta temperatura das amostras destruiu grande parte desses analitos.

Each food matrix is unique. Thus, the endogenous antioxidants of an underexplored bakery product might show different responses regarding free radical scavenging/resistance to forced oxidation than what is expected for other foods previously reported in the literature. In this context, a Box-Behnken design and correlation studies were applied in order to obtain more information about how specific antioxidants affect the total antioxidant activity (TAC) and the degree of forced oxidation in white breads with chia seeds and carrot leaves. Hypotheses of synergism/antagonism between the studied compounds were also elucidated in order to justify the obtained results. In this specific sample type, carotenoids and cholesterol showed the greatest relationships with results from TAC assays, as well with induction points using Oxitest® equipment, while α-tocopherol and phytosterols showed negative correlations. Phenolic compounds did not have any influence on the system because the baking procedure at high temperature had severe impacts on them.

This study quantified the fatty acids and evaluated the proximate composition, antioxidant activity (using the Quencher procedure), and total phenolic compound concentrations in Brazilian rice cultivars. The cultivars studied showed high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and oleic acid. The ratios of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids obtained were high. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the best results were found using the ABTS method and the worst in the DPPH assay. The results of the DPPH and FRAP assays showed the highest correlation. The antioxidant capacity results obtained were also much higher than those reported for other varieties worldwide. Therefore, the Quencher procedure is highly suitable for application in cereals such as rice, especially when combined with the ABTS radical capture method.

Este estudo avaliou a composição centesimal de ácidos graxos e a atividade antioxidante total de pães utilizando um design Box-Behnken composto de quinze experimentos e três fatores. Os pães estudados tiveram parte do seu tempo de cozimento alterado, assim como parte da sua farinha de trigo substituída por sementes de chia e folhas de cenoura. Os resultados de capacidade antioxidante de cada experimento foram superiores aos obtidos para um pão controle (495,33 µmol TEAC g-1 para ensaio DPPH e 413,85 µmol TEAC g-1 para ensaio FRAP), mostrando níveis de aumento de até 97 e 102% para os ensaios DPPH e FRAP, respectivamente. Os pães modificados também mostraram aumentos de até 216,69 e 18,88% na quantidade de ácido alfa-linolênico e na razão PUFA:SFA, respectivamente, em relação ao mesmo pão controle (este com 34,03 mg g-1 de ácido alfa-linolênico e razão de 2,86), bem como máxima redução de 70,01% na razão omega-3:omega-6 (15,59 para o pão controle).

This work determined the proximate/fatty acid composition and the antioxidant activity of breads using a Box-Behnken design composed of fifteen experiments and three factors. The studied breads had altered baking times and the wheat flour was partially substituted by chia seeds and carrot leaves. Total antioxidant capacity results were superior to those obtained from control bread (495.33 µmol TEAC g-1 for DPPH assays and 413.85 µmol TEAC g-1 for FRAP assays), showing increased levels of 97 and 102% for DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. The addition of chia seeds and carrot leaves led to maximal alpha-linolenic acid increase of 216.69% and maximum PUFA:SFA ratio increase of 18.88% in relation to control bread (this with alpha-linolenic acid amount of 34.03 mg g-1 total lipid and a 2.86 ratio value), as well as a maximum omega-3:omega-6 ratio reduction of 70.01% (15.59 ratio value for control bread).

This study evaluated the fatty acid quantification, proximate and amino acid compositions, antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, vitamin E, and mineral contents of new amaranth (BRS Alegria) and quinoa (BRS Piabiru) cultivars which were produced in order to adapt these pseudocereals to the climatic conditions of central-western Brazil. They showed superior levels of protein and total lipids in comparison to their native counterparts. The lipid profile of the amaranth BRS Alegria was revealed to be better than those of other native cultivars. Quinoa BRS Piabiru presented a higher antioxidant capacity and phenolic content than the studied amaranth cultivar, but lower contents of tocopherols. All of the obtained results confirm that these new grains possess an overall amount of nutritional compounds that is better than those reported for many native counterparts of the studied samples. The employed analytical methods in this work contributed to a better understanding of the quinoa BRS Piabiru and amaranth BRS Alegria chemical compositions. Therefore, the diversity and quantity of all of the studied compounds in the samples denote the considerable importance of these grains for food science research area.

Este estudo avaliou a composição proximal, quantificação de ácidos graxos, atividade antioxidante por diferentes metodologias empregando procedimento Quencher e o conteúdo de fenólicos totais em diferentes cultivares brasileiros de feijão. As amostras apresentaram altas concentrações em ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, tais como ácido linoleico (191,54 a 329,50 mg g-1 de lipídios totais) e ácido α-linolênico (228,03 a 367,27 mg g-1 de lipídios totais). As razões dos somatórios de ácidos graxos ômega 6 e 3 foram baixas, entre 0,71 e 1,12. Em relação aos ensaios de atividade antioxidante, as cultivares apresentaram maiores resultados pela técnica de ácido 2,2-azinobis (3-etilbenzotiazolino-6-sulfônico) (ABTS), de 2401,34 a 4394,80 µmol equivalente Trolox g-1. Os menores resultados foram observados no ensaio de poder antioxidante de redução do ferro (FRAP), de 530,93 a 1440,13 µmol equivalente Trolox g-1. Os resultados dos ensaios 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH) e ABTS apresentaram a maior correlação (r = 0,619). As cultivares também apresentaram altas concentrações em compostos fenólicos totais, que variaram de 81,85 a 173,65 mg equivalente ácido gálico 100g-1.

This study quantified fatty acids and evaluated the proximate composition, antioxidant activity paired with Quencher procedure and total phenolic compounds in Brazilian bean cultivars. The samples showed high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid (191.54 to 329.50 mg g-1 of total lipids) and α-linolenic acid (228.03 to 367.27 mg g-1 of total lipids). The obtained ratios between Omega 6 and 3 fatty acids were low, between 0.71 and 1.12. In relation to antioxidant activity assays, the cultivars showed the best results upon employing the 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method (2401.34 to 4394.80 µmol Trolox equivalent g-1). The lowest results were observed in the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, 530.93 to 1440.13 µmol Trolox equivalent g-1. The results from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS methods showed the greatest correlation between themselves (r = 0.619). High concentrations of total phenolic compounds were also detected in the studied cultivars, which varied from 81.85 to 173.65 mg gallic acid equivalent 100g-1.

A aceitação de tratamentos enriquecidos com óleo de tungue e a incorporação do ácido linolênico conjugado (CLnA) em filés de tilápia melhorada geneticamente (GIFT) foram investigadas. A dieta teve boa aceitação e, após 10 dias, o ClnA havia sido incorporado nos filés, mostrando um teor de 1,02% dos ácidos graxos totais (AG). Além disso, a biossíntese dos isômeros do ácido linoleico conjugado - CLA (0,31% de teor de AG total no filé), a partir do CLnA, e a presença do ácido alfalinolênico - LNA (1,08% de teor de AG total no filé), ácido eicosapentaenoico - EPA (2,85 % de teor de AG total no filé) e ácido docosa-hexaenoico - DHA (3,08% de teor de AG total no filé) foram observados. Assim, o consumo deste peixe pode aumentar a ingestão de diferentes AG (CLnA, CLA, LNA, EPA e DHA), que desempenham um papel importante no metabolismo humano.

The acceptance of tung oil enriched diet and the incorporation of conjugated linolenic acid - CLnA into fillets of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) were investigated. The diet was well accepted, and after 10 days CLnA was incorporated into the fillets with a 1.02% content of total fatty acids (FA). In addition, biosynthesis of the conjugated linoleic acid isomers - CLA (0.31% of fillet total FA content) from CLnA, and the presence of alpha-linolenic acid - LNA (1.08% of fillet total FA content), eicosapentaenoic acid - EPA (2.85% of fillet total FA content) and docosahexaenoic acid - DHA (3.08% of fillet total FA content) were observed. Therefore, the consumption of this fish can increase the intake of different FA (CLnA, CLA, LNA, EPA and DHA), which play an important role in human metabolism.